U.S. Constitution Article I, Section 9 What It Means

Article 1, Section 9 of the U.S. Constitution places limits on the powers of Congress, the Legislative Branch. These restrictions include those on limiting the slave trade, suspending civil and legal protections of citizens, apportionment of direct taxes, and granting titles of nobility. It also prevents government employees and officials from accepting foreign gifts and titles, known as emoluments. Article I - The Legislative Branch - Section 9 Clause 1, Importation of Slaves Clause 1: The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person. Explanation: This clause relates to the slave trade. It prevented Congress from restricting the importation of slaves before 1808. It did allow Congress to levy a duty of up to 10 dollars for each slave. In 1807, the international slave trade was blocked and no more slaves were allowed to be imported legally into the United States. Slavery was still legal, however, within the United States until the end of the Civil War and the passage of the 13th Amendment in 1865. Clause 2, Habeas Corpus Clause 2: The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it. Explanation:  Habeas corpus is the right to be held in jail only if there are specific, legitimate charges filed against you in court. A person cant be detained indefinitely without legal process. This was suspended during the Civil War and for detainees in the War on Terror held at Guantanamo Bay. Clause 3, Bills of Attainder and Ex Post Facto Laws Clause 3: No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. Explanation: A bill of attainder is a way that a legislature acts as a judge and jury, declaring that a person or group of people are guilty of a crime and stating the punishment. An ex post facto law criminalizes acts retroactively, allowing people to be prosecuted for acts that werent illegal at the time they did them. Clause 4-7, Taxes and Congressional Spending Clause 4: No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken. Clause 5: No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State. Clause 6: No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another. Clause 7: No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time. Explanation:  These clauses set limits on how taxes can be levied. Originally, an income tax would not have been allowed, but this was authorized by the 16th Amendment in 1913. These clauses prevent taxes from being levied on trade between states. Congress must pass tax legislation to spend the public money and they must show how they have spent the money. Clause 8, Titles of Nobility and Emoluments Clause 8: No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State. Explanation:  Congress cant make you a Duke, Earl, or even a Marquis. If you are a civil servant or elected official, you cant accept anything from a foreign government or official, including an honorary title or an office. This clause prevents any government official from receiving foreign gifts without the permission of Congress. What are Emoluments? Clause 8, the so-called â€Å"Emoluments Clause,† specifies that no elected or appointed U.S. government official—including the president of the United States—may accept payments from foreign governments during their terms in office. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines emoluments as â€Å"returns arising from office or employment usually in the form of compensation or perquisites.† Constitutional scholars suggest the Emoluments Clause was added to prevent American ambassadors of the 1700s, living abroad from being influenced or corrupted by gifts from wealthy European powers. Past examples of violations of the Emoluments Clause by some of America’s Founding Fathers include Benjamin Franklin’s acceptance of diamond-covered snuffbox from the King of France and John Jay’s acceptance of a purebred stallion from the King of Spain.

The Poverty Of African People From Poverty Imprisonment

Soon, after the liberation in 1961, Tanzania, created new policies intended to liberate people from poverty imprisonment. The inspired goal was to move people away from distant, remote locations of the country to designated village areas (villagelization), where services such that schools, clinics, piped water, roads, and adult education would easily be available to citizens. The villagelization blueprint famous in Kiswahili as vijiji vya ujmaaa linked with African communal life or African socialism (Hope, 2007; Major and Muhvihill, 2009). However, during this process, the country, like other parts of Africa, suffered from hunger as a result of a severe drought, together with the previous mention internal and external forces and once again acerbated poverty. Perhaps, Jeffrey Sachs narrates it precisely, that the African continent suffered from â€Å"negative observation and the stereotype that left millions of disadvantaged in the excessive suffering. African nations, (including Ta nzania) although, they worked tirelessly, they continue to face common obstructions of â€Å" poverty, disease, ecological crisis, geopolitical neglect or worse† (Sachs, 2005 p. 207; Kotler Lee, 2009), including global market limitation, and internal problems. Despite obstacles, Tanzania risked to navigate from such global and national tremors, which according to (Major and Muhvihill, 2009), the country under Nyerere leadership utilized Education for Self-Reliance (ESR) as a tool for navigation.Show MoreRelatedEssay about The Death Penalty Deters Crime and Saves Lives1142 Words   |  5 PagesThis, however, is not true. Capital punishment should be legal because it is moral, by not allowing criminals to roam the streets once again. It does not discriminate against those of color or the poor, and is actually less expensive than life imprisonment. The most important reason why the death penalty should be legal is because it deters crime. 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What You Need to Do About Gre Sample Issue Essay Topics Before It Is Too Late

What You Need to Do About Gre Sample Issue Essay Topics Before It Is Too Late In order to acquire the most effective all-round preparation including practice in the four language skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing, it is advisable to work with different candidates in a conventional classroom atmosphere. So, it's safe to say that should you write no less than a few sentences in English, you will receive a score of 1.0. ETS has not spoken out about the perfect length of an essay, and there is absolutely no word on the term limit as such. The listening test is provided first. One more thing you must concentrate on is your vocabulary. Between grammar and fashion, grammar is significantly simpler to improve. The essay is just one of the most crucial elements of a university application. At this time you must understand that writing a great gre essay is dependent on the sort of topic you opt for, so you've got to consider certain things before you decide on a topic. Get the Scoop on Gre Sample Issue Essay Topics Before You're Too Late An alternate to GRE prep courses is GRE tutoring, which can help you when you would rather one-on-one guidance or want to concentrate on a particular subject of the test. Candidates write all answers for the initial 3 sections in a particular booklet that's collected by the examination invigilator at the conclusion of the test. Most students believe that essay length the only important component in regards to AWA scoring. College students should base their selection of an area of study on the access to work in that area. Both test your capacity to compose a cogent thesis statement that you need to defend over the plan of many paragraphs. The point here is to understand what you're going to write before writing it. Essentially, issue essay is all about the way that you perceive the given topic. Also a reminder that you could work with me if you're searching for issue essay feedback. A counter argument for my second premise is the fact that it is much too specific to get any type of relevance in the topic of life boat ethics. Even if it's accurate, it may force you to seem whiny and not able to accept responsibility for your actions. The scenario will always be shown in the exact form. You won't be requested to write about a particular topic so much as you'll be requested to respond to a particular scenario. The Gre Sample Issue Essay Topics Game However you get ready for the essays, make sure you at least write a couple of each type before you take the actual GRE. Potential essay topics y ou could have on the day of your GRE are on the ETS site, so technically there aren't any surprises if you do your homework! Since you may see, the longer the essay, the greater the grades. Students should always question what they're taught rather than accepting it passively. The perfect way to find out how to find a high Analytical Writing score is to have a look at a GRE essay sample, but doing so with no guidance can be overwhelming. You may see that many Issue Essay prompts make statements that are tough to completely support. The grading happens instantaneously, and when you submit your essay, you will get a composite AWA score, together with a variety of metrics on which your essay was graded. Nowadays you know what it requires to receive an ideal essay score. At this time you've got to be in a position to understand the differences between both topics you'll be presented with. The very first part of the essay we'll analyze is the way that it succeeds in identifying and examining the pieces of the argument that relate to the job. You may then practice replicating successful connections between ideas in your practice essays. Now, a lot of people don't know the best ways of tackling gre essay topics. To practice writing awa essays all you want to do is. Provided that you use sensible reasoning, appropriate grammar and provided that it is possible to defend your point intelligently and utilize precise vocabulary to convey meaning effectively, you ought to be alright. There is, in addition, the problem of grammar. You must also check at the grammar and language.

MARINO FALIERO Analysis Essay Example For Students

MARINO FALIERO Analysis Essay A monologue from the play by Lord Byron NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Lord Byron: Six Plays. Lord Byron. Los Angeles: Black Box Press, 2007. DOGE: Ye, though you know and feel our mutual massOf many wrongs, even ye are ignorantWhat fatal poison to the springs of Life,To human ties, and all thats good and dear,Lurks in the present institutes of Venice:All these men were my friends; I loved them, theyRequited honourably my regards;We served and fought; we smiled and wept in concert;We revelled or we sorrowed side by side;We made alliances of blood and marriage;We grew in years and honours fairly,—tillTheir own desire, not my ambition, madeThem choose me for their Prince, and then farewell!Farewell all social memory! all thoughtsIn common! and sweet bonds which link old friendships,When the survivors of long years and actions,Which now belong to history, soothe the daysWhich yet remain by treasuring each other,And never meet, but each beholds the mirrorOf half a century on his brothers brow,And sees a hundred beings, now in earth,Flit round them whispering of the days gone by,And seeming not all dead, as long as twoOf the brave, joyous, reckless, glorious band,Which once were one and many, still retainA breath to sigh for them, a tongue to speakOf deeds that else were silent, save on marble——From the hour they made me Doge, the Doge they made me—Farewell the past! I died to all that had been,Or rather they to me: no friends, no kindness,No privacy of life—all were cut off:They came not near me—such approach gave umbrage;They could not love me—such was not the law;They thwarted me—twas the states policy;They baffled me—twas a patricians duty;They wronged me, for such was to right the state;They could not right me—that would give suspicion;So that I was a slave to my own subjects;So that I was a foe to my own friends;Begirt with spies for guards, with robes for power,With pomp for freedom, gaolers for a council,Inquisitors for friends, and Hell for life!I had only one fount of quiet left,And that they poisoned! My pure household godsWe re shivered on my hearth, and oer their shrineSate grinning Ribaldry, and sneering Scorn.I had borne all—it hurt me, but I bore it—Till this last running over of the cupOf bitterness—until this last loud insult,Not only unredressed, but sanctioned; then,And thus, I cast all further feelings from me—The feelings which they crushed for me, long, longBefore, even in their oath of false allegiance!Even in that very hour and vow, they abjuredTheir friend and made a Sovereign, as boys makePlaythings, to do their pleasure—and be broken!I from that hour have seen but SenatorsIn dark suspicious conflict with the Doge,Brooding with him in mutual hate and fear;They dreading he should snatch the tyrannyFrom out their grasp, and he abhorring tyrants.To me, then, these men have no private life,Nor claim to ties they have cut off from others;As Senators for arbitrary actsAmenable, I look on them—as suchLet them be dealt upon.

Lady Anne Clifford

Introduction Lady Anne Clifford’s lineage had a profound influence on her life course. She was the only child of Countess Margaret Russell and George Clifford. Anne’s father was the Earl of Cumberland; the Clifford properties were under his name, and he had the right to bequeath them to whomever he saw fit.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Lady Anne Clifford specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, when making this decision, he had to follow an entail that kept the family property in the line of the oldest heir. In the year 1605, the Earl passed away and unjustly willed the family estate to his brother and nephew. It was this injustice that strengthened Lady Anne’s resolve to fight for her rights. People with the greatest impact Anne’s mother had the greatest influence on her life. Shortly after the Earl of Cumberland’s death in 1605, Margaret made claims on her daughter’ s behalf for the family estate. This set the pace for what was to follow when Anne grew older. Although the court rejected those pleas in 1606, it soon upturned this decision in 1607 following Margaret’s work. She looked up the archival records of the Clifford family and made the case for Anne’s right to inherit the property. Regardless of the judges’ decision, Lady Anne’s uncle was unrelenting in his claim over the estates; he refused to hand them over to Anne. It was Margaret’s strong resolve that set the pace for what her daughter would eventually take up during her entire life (Williamson 41). Margaret stood by her daughter when all other parties opposed her. It was her mother who strengthened her resolve to fight the injustice that her father had accorded to her (Clifford 59). This parent emphasized the fact that her husband had broken the entail. She also spoke candidly to her daughter by telling her the realities of the situation, and her ch ances of success. At the time, her father had willed the property to his brother and nephew if the earl’s brother died. Throughout her life, Lady Anne’s cousin was only a few younger than her. Further, his father was alive at the time when the lady was contesting the will. It was highly unlikely that she would ever own the lands if she followed her father’s will. Lady Anne’s mother made these intricacies quite clear to her daughter and supported her throughout the battles.Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When Lady Anne’s mother passed away, Anne was deeply devastated by the death. She felt that the only person who supported her life’s quest was gone. Additionally, she emphasized the great values that her mother had instilled in her. In fact, Lady Anne asserted that her mother’s influence was of much greater importance to her th an any nobility or lineage that other people desired. This explains why Anne went through great trouble to arrange for her mother’s burial. Several entries in her diaries reveal the pride that she had in her lineage. She documented even the most trivial deeds demonstrated by her kinsmen. It was her mother who initially informed her about this history. However, Anne did a lot of personal research regarding this issue, as well. Her mother ignited a passion for Westmorland during her early days. She was her educator and primary source of information regarding their family (Clifford 9). Even during the last portion of her journey, she was still able to instill a sense of pride in the land. Generally, Lady Anne’s life was influenced by her parents. In legal terms, she descended from a line of wealthy Clifford’s, most of who controlled a series of castles in the kingdom. Her parents’ decision to marry each other set the stage for what her life would become in t he future. Nonetheless, the Lord of Cumberland, Anne’s father, was an extravagant man whose voyages left his family in profound debt. It appears that this senior Clifford made the decision to will his brother and nephew prior to his death because of these problems. He felt that his brother was wealthy enough to remove the Clifford properties from debt. Alternatively, it could be his bias towards female heirs that caused him to overlook his daughter in the will. Whichever the reason, the Earl of Cumberland affected his child’s life course by making a life-altering decision during her childhood.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Lady Anne Clifford specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lady Anne’s husbands had less impact on her life than did her parents. This partly stems from the nature of the relationship she had with them as well as the fact that they were two in number. Her first husband, Lord Do rset, felt that his wife was a lovable woman, but she lost her sense of reason whenever she focused on the family property (Clifford 33). Dorset cared little for the rich history and heritage of Lady Clifford’s family. He felt that it was troublesome to manage properties as tenants were stubborn and claimants to the properties were relentless. Instead, he felt that his wife ought to reach a compromise that would grant her vast sums of money in exchange for her birthright. It is for this reason that her husband became a negative force in her life. The Court of Commons held that all the lands that belonged to Lady Anne’s father were to be given to her uncle and cousin. Her husband tried to persuade her to abide by these rulings. Unlike her mother, who supported her and urged her to fight for her birthright, her husband sided with her foes in this matter (Williamson 12). He merely wanted a speedy conclusion to the dispute and possibly some monetary rewards. It was only th rough Lady Anne’s stubbornness that the Court failed to exert its decision upon her. She refused to sign the award and affirmed that the decision was not binding to her. On the 1st of January 1616, Lady Anne met the Archbishop of Canterbury. He tried as much as possible to persuade her to agree to the court’s decision. However, the Lady was adamant with regard to the matter. The clergyman came with a series of Lords and noblemen to convince her to sign the award. After much convincing, Lady Anne decided that she would buy more time by seeking counsel from her mother. She had to do this by the 22nd of March. At the time, Lord Dorset made it clear that she had to sign the award. He used all manner of tactics to get her to make this decision. For instance, on their way to her mother’s location, Westmoreland, her husband got into a bitter argument with her and even abandoned her in the midst of the journey. During this same period of time, he instructed his servants to leave his wife alone unless she chose to go back to London (Williamson 78). It was only her mother’s support that got her through such difficult times. As a result, her first husband did little to impact her life positively. He was a force of regression in her attempt to reclaim her inheritance.Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The threats of separation from her husband caused this noblewoman to think twice about her businesses as she wanted to preserve the marriage. Nonetheless, her commitment to the family fortune supplanted loyalty to an unsupportive husband. Her second husband was just as toxic as the first. However, he had some legal use to her that her first husband did not. While Anne’s mother had a more personal impact on her daughter, her second husband provided a legal one. Society, at the time, placed disproportionate value on a man’s opinion. Consequently, even though Phillip Herbert, the Lord of Pembroke, subjected Anne to profound stress, his opinions protected her. It was widely acknowledged that Herbert was deeply involved in politics. He believed in the strength of parliament over that of the crown. Conversely, Anne leaned more towards the crown than parliament. It is her husband’s inclinations that caused parliament to keep away from her inheritance. Therefore, her se cond husband’s impact on her life was more of a statement than a daily factor. Conclusion Almost all the family members in Anne’s background opposed her right to inherit the family estates. Her father bequeathed it to someone else; her two husbands encouraged her to give it up while her uncle and nephew fought hard to own it. It was her mother who was the only family member that supported her claims. She initiated the battle in her early days and then nudged Anne on when all others opposed her. Therefore, it was her parent who had the greatest impact upon her. Works Cited Clifford, Anne. The diaries of Lady Anne Clifford. London: The History Press, 2003. Print. Williamson, George. Lady Anne Clifford, her life, letters and work. 2010. Web. This essay on Lady Anne Clifford was written and submitted by user Terrell Huber to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Head Injuries and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

Head Injuries and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Methodology The focus of the proposed study is on patients suffering from head injuries and chronic traumatic encephalopathy, (CTE). Case control methodology is appropriate for this study.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Head Injuries and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To enhance efficiency, the case control methodology must assume a retrospective approach. This is because the proposed study involves examination of the existing cases of head injuries in the sampled population. The study will sample the general population and the patients within the outpatient departments of public hospitals. The case groups and the control groups are important. This is because they form the basis for assessments and comparisons (Sim Wright, 2002). The principle aim for this methodology is to determine the exposure risk of CTE associated with head injuries. Basically, the proposed study involves the comparison of the incidences of chronic traumatic encephalopathy. This must be done between the patients suffering from head injuries and the healthy individuals. Two groups are prominent in the proposed methodology. This includes the case group and the control group. Notably, the methodology requires a considerable time to attain desired results (Sim Wright, 2002). Generally, the proposed methodology is appropriate for the study.Advertising Looking for proposal on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Participants Both the case and control groups will be enrolled in the research. This explains why the proposed investigation is a case control study. The basic implication is that an empirically supported inclusion and exclusion criteria have to be adopted. The cases include those participants who have previously suffered head injuries. On the other hand, the control group shall comprise other patients without any history of head injuries. This participant combination forms a perfect case control set. The location of the proposed study has to be within selected public hospitals. Moreover, purposive sampling of all the participants within the selected hospitals is preferred. The process must also observe the ethical and legal provisions for research. For instance, issues of informed consent have to be adequately addressed (Walker Shostak, 2010). Purposive sampling helps to draw a representative sample. The sample size shall be calculated using the Fischer’s formulae. This is because the representative sample is projected to be less than ten thousand. Generally, this study will involve a highly constricted sample size. This is because the proposed study is retrospective and requires follow up for the enrolled participants. Thus, it is intensive and very costly within larger sample sizes. Research Design A combined approach for data collection is appropriate for the proposed study. In this approach, qualitative as well as quantitative strategies are applied during data collection process.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Head Injuries and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To enhance the process of triangulation, active clinical checkups and diagnosis are also necessary (Walker Shostak, 2010). This is because the researcher is able to detect the new cases of CTE amongst the enrolled participants. Qualitative and quantitative data management techniques shall be used in the study. Qualitative data analysis mainly entails discussions. However, quantitative data analysis involves the use of sophisticated data management tools such as SPSS. Additionally, it involves the use of bar graphs, pie charts, and basic statistical inferences. Instrumentation and Data Collection Plans Qualitative data gathering to be used in the proposed study entail the use of key i nformant interviews, focus groups and personal observations. Quantitative approaches involve the active administration of assessment tools such as semi structured questionnaires (Keilegom Wilson, 2011). Because the proposed study is a case control, person-to-person data collection is appropriate. This will automatically rules out the possibility of a mailed survey. Based on this projected sample, the participants shall report to the study sites. Consequently, the researcher shall conduct clinical monitoring, personal interviews, observations and focus groups during the reporting junctures. Proposed Analysis of the Data The results gotten from the proposed sample shall be varied. However, this depends on the inclination or objective of the data analysis (Fairclough, 2010). Results indicating the correlation between head injuries and occurrence of CTE are critical.Advertising Looking for proposal on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, factors that influence the occurrence of CTE amongst those with head injuries are also expected. Additionally, issues about the efficiency of the clinical management strategies in head injuries are likely to emanate. Determination and analysis of responses must be conducted through diverse mechanisms. For instance, similar causative factors linked to the occurrence of CTE must be grouped statistically. Analytically, such processes require sophisticated data management tools. Correlation and regression analysis include some of the statistical tools applicable in the proposed study (Keilegom Wilson, 2011). The proposed results will have significant implications on the rest of population. For instance, certain revelations might dispel existing beliefs. There are different variables that the researcher may include in the proposed study. The likelihood of occurrence of CTE and the incidences of head injuries are some of the variables. Observably, a correlation of the depend ent and independent variable may be drawn from the two outlined examples. â€Å"The occurrence or presence of head injury† remains as one of the crucial independent variable in the proposed study. Alternatively, â€Å"the occurrence of CTE† includes another vital dependent variable. Therefore, it can be stated that the occurrence of CTE depends on the presence of head injury amongst the participants in the proposed study. A more comprehensive and empirical decision making criteria must be used in the proposed study. In this context, various statistical inferences will have a critical role. Comparison of the confidence intervals of various correlating factors will influence most decisions and assumptions in the proposed study. This is appropriate for all correlating factors (Sim Wright, 2002). This process entails the application of statistical distribution tables in determining the confidence intervals. Advanced computer software for data management must be used to en hance the high level of data processing. Basically, this computer software must be applicable in the computation of various statistical inferences and associations. The SPSS program is most preferred for purposes of data analysis in the proposed study. Validity and reliability measurements are critical for all empirical investigations. Application of content validity ensures that an appropriate and representative sample size is utilized. In addition, criterion validity measurement when applied in the proposed study will help to test the precision of definite measures. Construct validity may preferably be used in the proposed study to confirm whether the variables measure the proposed constructs (Fairclough, 2010). For purposes of objectivity and reliance, measurements on the reliability of factors within a study are vital. In the proposed study, there are several measurement methodologies that might be applied for reliability. The determination and testing of reliability may automat ically occur when certain results are gotten. In such scenarios, these results must be tested for both internal and external consistency. There are other various applicable methodologies in measuring reliability. The proposed study might involve the use of inter-observer or test-retests as strategies for measuring reliability. These processes are important because they improve the quality of data. References Fairclough, D. (2010). Design and Analysis of Quality of Life Studies in Clinical Trials. New York, NY: CRC Press. Keilegom, I. Wilson, W. (2011). Exploring research frontiers in contemporary statistics and econometrics: A festschrift for LeÃŒ opold Simar. Berlin: Springer/Physica-Verlag. Sim, J. Wright, C. (2002). Research in health care: Concepts, designs and methods. Cheltenham: N. Thornes. Walker, A. Shostak, J. (2010). Common statistical methods for clinical research with SAS examples. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.

Project Mgmt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project Mgmt - Essay Example having at least one member of senior management represented on a steering committee (Englund & Bucero, p.88) that meets periodically to review the direction, milestones, progress, and costs of the project. A concise summary should be presented periodically to the steering committee with a clear outline of any expectations from senior management. Another way is to agree on a project sponsor within the client organization who champions the cause of the project and liaises with all stakeholders. The sponsor is then given the responsibility to maintain the â€Å"upper management link† for the project (Englund & Bucero, p.10). Underlining this involvement is continued communication while taking care that problems that could be resolved at a lower level are not escalated to the steering committee or the senior management (Lester, 2007, p. 87). Clear statement of requirements: A clear definition of requirements for the project determines the planning and direction of the entire project. Requirements must be discussed and defined thoroughly and documented in a Requirements Specification Document. This is directly linked with the list of deliverables which then sets the direction the project will take (Cleland & Ireland, 2007, p. 271). It is also essential to keep in place change control procedures as some requirements may change over time and must again be clearly stated and incorporated into the project plan if accepted (Cleland & Ireland, 2007, p. 271). Accurate documentation of requirements results from interviews and discussions and must be signed off by all stakeholders reflecting the agreement on their clarity, accuracy, assumptions, and correlation with the deliverables. An engineer at Morton Thiokol suspected that the O-rings in the space shuttle Challenger’s solid rocket boosters were faulty and would not work at low temperatures below the threshold of 53 degrees. On the ill fated day of the disaster, the temperatures were expected to be 10 degrees below